Sunday, August 15, 2010
The Importance of Follow-up Care When Treating Mesothelioma
Follow-up care after mesothelioma treatment is an important part of the overall treatment plan. People should not hesitate to discuss follow-up care with their doctor. Regular checkups ensure that any changes in health are noticed. Any problem that develops can be found and treated. Checkups after treatment may include a physical exam, laboratory tests, and imaging procedures.
Clinical Trials
Mesothelioma can be hard to control with current treatments. For that reason, many doctors encourage people with mesothelioma to consider taking part in a clinical trial. These mesothelioma research trials are meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for mesothelioma. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Clinical trials are an important option for people with all stages of mesothelioma.
Nutrition and Mesothelioma Treatment
People need to eat well during mesothelioma treatment. They need enough calories to maintain a good weight and protein to keep up strength. Good "mesothelioma nutrition" often helps people with cancer feel better and have more energy.
But eating well can be difficult. People may not feel like eating if they are uncomfortable or tired. Also, the side effects of treatment, such as poor appetite, nausea, or vomiting, can be a problem. Foods may taste different. Nevertheless, people should try to eat enough calories and protein to control weight loss, maintain strength, and promote healing. Also, eating well often helps people with cancer feel better and have more energy. The doctor, dietitian, or other healthcare provider can suggest ways to maintain a healthy diet.
Careful planning and checkups are important. Mesothelioma and its treatment may make it hard for people to digest food and maintain their weight. The doctor will check the person for weight loss, weakness, and lack of energy.
But eating well can be difficult. People may not feel like eating if they are uncomfortable or tired. Also, the side effects of treatment, such as poor appetite, nausea, or vomiting, can be a problem. Foods may taste different. Nevertheless, people should try to eat enough calories and protein to control weight loss, maintain strength, and promote healing. Also, eating well often helps people with cancer feel better and have more energy. The doctor, dietitian, or other healthcare provider can suggest ways to maintain a healthy diet.
Careful planning and checkups are important. Mesothelioma and its treatment may make it hard for people to digest food and maintain their weight. The doctor will check the person for weight loss, weakness, and lack of energy.
Side Effects of Treatment for Mesothelioma
Because treatment for mesothelioma may damage healthy cells and tissues, unwanted side effects are common. Specific side effects depend on many factors, including the type and extent of the treatment. Side effects may not be the same for each person, and they may even change from one treatment session to the next. Before treating mesothelioma, healthcare providers will explain possible side effects and suggest ways to manage them.
Mesothelioma Treatment Options
The doctor is the best person to describe the treatment choices and explain the expected results. The doctor and the affected person can work together to develop a mesothelioma treatment plan that fits the person needs.
Depending on the type and extent of mesothelioma, options may include:
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
A combination of these methods.
(You can read more about treatment options based on the stage of mesothelioma by going to the eMedTV article Mesothelioma Treatment by Stage.)
Getting a Second Opinion
Sometimes it is helpful to have a second opinion about the diagnosis and the treatment plan. Some insurance companies require a second opinion; others may cover a second opinion if the affected person or doctor requests it. Gathering medical records and arranging to see another doctor may take a little time. In most cases, a brief delay to get another opinion will not affect treatment for mesothelioma.
Depending on the type and extent of mesothelioma, options may include:
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
A combination of these methods.
(You can read more about treatment options based on the stage of mesothelioma by going to the eMedTV article Mesothelioma Treatment by Stage.)
Getting a Second Opinion
Sometimes it is helpful to have a second opinion about the diagnosis and the treatment plan. Some insurance companies require a second opinion; others may cover a second opinion if the affected person or doctor requests it. Gathering medical records and arranging to see another doctor may take a little time. In most cases, a brief delay to get another opinion will not affect treatment for mesothelioma.
Remembering Questions and Answers
Many people with mesothelioma want to take an active part in making decisions about their medical care. They want to learn all they can about the disease and their treatment choices. However, the shock and stress after a mesothelioma diagnosis can make it hard to think of everything to ask the doctor. Often, it helps to make a list of questions before an appointment.
To help remember what the doctor says, people may take notes or ask whether they may use a tape recorder. Some also want to have a family member or friend with them when they talk to the doctor -- to take part in the discussion, to take notes, or just to listen.
To help remember what the doctor says, people may take notes or ask whether they may use a tape recorder. Some also want to have a family member or friend with them when they talk to the doctor -- to take part in the discussion, to take notes, or just to listen.
Treating Mesothelioma: An Overview
There are several different mesothelioma treatment options available for someone diagnosed with the disease.
Some factors that may influence the treatment options recommended include:
The stage of the cancer (see Mesothelioma Stages)
The type of cancer cells (how they look under a microscope)
The person's age and general health
Whether the mesothelioma is newly diagnosed or has come back (recurred).
In general, treatment options for mesothelioma include:
Surgery (see Mesothelioma Surgery)
Chemotherapy (see Mesothelioma Chemotherapy)
Radiation therapy (see Mesothelioma Radiation).
Your doctor can describe your treatment choices and the expected results of each. The two of you can work together to develop a treatment plan that meets your medical needs and personal values. Choosing the most appropriate treatment is a decision that ideally involves the patient, family, and healthcare team.
Mesothelioma treatment generally begins within a few weeks after the diagnosis. There will be time for people to talk with their healthcare provider about treatment choices, get a second opinion, and learn more about the disease.
Some factors that may influence the treatment options recommended include:
The stage of the cancer (see Mesothelioma Stages)
The type of cancer cells (how they look under a microscope)
The person's age and general health
Whether the mesothelioma is newly diagnosed or has come back (recurred).
In general, treatment options for mesothelioma include:
Surgery (see Mesothelioma Surgery)
Chemotherapy (see Mesothelioma Chemotherapy)
Radiation therapy (see Mesothelioma Radiation).
Your doctor can describe your treatment choices and the expected results of each. The two of you can work together to develop a treatment plan that meets your medical needs and personal values. Choosing the most appropriate treatment is a decision that ideally involves the patient, family, and healthcare team.
Mesothelioma treatment generally begins within a few weeks after the diagnosis. There will be time for people to talk with their healthcare provider about treatment choices, get a second opinion, and learn more about the disease.
Mesothelioma Treatment
Treatment options for mesothelioma include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and a combination of these methods. The treatment recommended by the healthcare provider will depend on factors such as the stage of the cancer, the type of cancer cells, and the person's general health. Treatment for mesothelioma generally begins a few weeks after diagnosis, so there often is time to get a second opinion.
Specific Mesothelioma Stages
Mesothelioma stages are classified as localized, advanced, or recurrent.
Localized Mesothelioma (Stage I)
In localized malignant mesothelioma, cancer is found in the lining of the chest wall and may also be found in the lining of the lung, the lining of the diaphragm, or the lining of the sac that covers the heart on the same side of the chest.
Advanced Mesothelioma (Stage II, Stage III, and Stage IV)
Advanced mesothelioma includes stage II, stage III, and stage IV.
In stage II, cancer is found in the lining of the chest wall and the lymph nodes on the same side of the chest. Cancer may also be found in the lining of the lung, the lining of the diaphragm, or the lining of the sac that covers the heart on the same side of the chest.
In stage III, cancer has spread to any of the following areas:
The chest wall
The mediastinum
The heart
Beyond the diaphragm
The peritoneum.
Cancer may have also spread to lymph nodes on the other side of the chest or outside the chest.
In stage IV, cancer has spread to distant organs or tissues.
Recurrent Mesothelioma
Recurrent mesothelioma is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the chest or abdomen, or in other parts of the body.
Localized Mesothelioma (Stage I)
In localized malignant mesothelioma, cancer is found in the lining of the chest wall and may also be found in the lining of the lung, the lining of the diaphragm, or the lining of the sac that covers the heart on the same side of the chest.
Advanced Mesothelioma (Stage II, Stage III, and Stage IV)
Advanced mesothelioma includes stage II, stage III, and stage IV.
In stage II, cancer is found in the lining of the chest wall and the lymph nodes on the same side of the chest. Cancer may also be found in the lining of the lung, the lining of the diaphragm, or the lining of the sac that covers the heart on the same side of the chest.
In stage III, cancer has spread to any of the following areas:
The chest wall
The mediastinum
The heart
Beyond the diaphragm
The peritoneum.
Cancer may have also spread to lymph nodes on the other side of the chest or outside the chest.
In stage IV, cancer has spread to distant organs or tissues.
Recurrent Mesothelioma
Recurrent mesothelioma is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the chest or abdomen, or in other parts of the body.
Mesothelioma Stages: Tests and Procedures
The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process:
Chest x-ray
CT scan
MRI.
Chest X-ray
A chest x-ray is an x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
CT Scan (CAT Scan)
A CT scan is a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of the chest and abdomen, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
An MRI is a procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of the chest or abdomen. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
Chest x-ray
CT scan
MRI.
Chest X-ray
A chest x-ray is an x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
CT Scan (CAT Scan)
A CT scan is a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of the chest and abdomen, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
An MRI is a procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of the chest or abdomen. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
Mesothelioma Stages: An Introduction
After a mesothelioma diagnosis has been made, tests are conducted to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.
The process used to find out if cancer has spread outside the pleura or peritoneum is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the spread of the cancer in order to plan the mesothelioma treatment.
The process used to find out if cancer has spread outside the pleura or peritoneum is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the spread of the cancer in order to plan the mesothelioma treatment.
Mesothelioma Stages
Staging is the process used to determine whether cancer has spread, and if so, how far it has spread. There are five mesothelioma stages (stages I-IV and recurrent cancer). The stages of mesothelioma can be classified as localized, advanced, or recurrent. Stage I refers to localized mesothelioma (meaning the cancer has not yet spread to areas such as the lymph nodes). Advanced mesothelioma stages describe cancer that has spread, and include stages II, III, and IV. Recurrent mesothelioma is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated.
Mesothelioma Diagnosis and Staging
If the doctor makes a diagnosis of mesothelioma, he or she will want to determine the mesothelioma stage.
Staging involves more tests in a careful attempt to learn whether the cancer has spread and, if so, to which parts of the body. Knowing the stage of the disease helps the doctor plan mesothelioma treatment.
Mesothelioma is described as localized if the cancer is found only on the membrane surface where it originated. It is classified as advanced if it has spread beyond the original membrane surface to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, lungs, chest wall, or abdominal organs.
Staging involves more tests in a careful attempt to learn whether the cancer has spread and, if so, to which parts of the body. Knowing the stage of the disease helps the doctor plan mesothelioma treatment.
Mesothelioma is described as localized if the cancer is found only on the membrane surface where it originated. It is classified as advanced if it has spread beyond the original membrane surface to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, lungs, chest wall, or abdominal organs.
Biopsy
A biopsy is needed to confirm a mesothelioma diagnosis. In a biopsy, a surgeon or a medical oncologist (a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancer) removes a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope by a pathologist. A biopsy may be performed in different ways, depending on where the abnormal area is located.
Thoracoscopy
If the cancer is in the chest, the doctor may perform a thoracoscopy. In this procedure, the doctor makes a small cut through the chest wall and puts a thin, lighted tube called a thoracoscope into the chest between two ribs. Thoracoscopy allows the doctor to look inside the chest and obtain tissue samples.
Peritoneoscopy
If the cancer is in the abdomen, the doctor may perform a peritoneoscopy. To obtain tissue for examination, the doctor makes a small opening in the abdomen and inserts a special instrument called a peritoneoscope into the abdominal cavity.
Surgery
If these procedures do not yield enough tissue to make a diagnosis, more extensive diagnostic surgery may be necessary.
Thoracoscopy
If the cancer is in the chest, the doctor may perform a thoracoscopy. In this procedure, the doctor makes a small cut through the chest wall and puts a thin, lighted tube called a thoracoscope into the chest between two ribs. Thoracoscopy allows the doctor to look inside the chest and obtain tissue samples.
Peritoneoscopy
If the cancer is in the abdomen, the doctor may perform a peritoneoscopy. To obtain tissue for examination, the doctor makes a small opening in the abdomen and inserts a special instrument called a peritoneoscope into the abdominal cavity.
Surgery
If these procedures do not yield enough tissue to make a diagnosis, more extensive diagnostic surgery may be necessary.
Tests and Procedures
If the doctor suspects mesothelioma after the history and physical exam, he or she may order a number of tests to help make a diagnosis.
Some of these tests include:
CT Scan
MRI
Biopsy
Thoracoscopy
Peritoneoscopy
Surgery.
CT Scan/MRI
A CT (or CAT) scan or an MRI may also be useful in making a diagnosis. A CT scan is a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. In an MRI, a powerful magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of areas inside the body. These pictures are viewed on a monitor and can also be printed.
Some of these tests include:
CT Scan
MRI
Biopsy
Thoracoscopy
Peritoneoscopy
Surgery.
CT Scan/MRI
A CT (or CAT) scan or an MRI may also be useful in making a diagnosis. A CT scan is a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. In an MRI, a powerful magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of areas inside the body. These pictures are viewed on a monitor and can also be printed.
Mesothelioma Diagnosis: An Overview
Making a mesothelioma diagnosis is often difficult because mesothelioma symptoms are similar to those of a number of other conditions.
In order to make a diagnosis of mesothelioma, the healthcare provider will begin with a review of the patient's medical history, including any history of asbestos exposure. He or she will then perform a complete physical examination to look for signs or symptoms of mesothelioma. The doctor may also order some preliminary tests to rule out other, more common conditions. These tests can include x-rays of the chest or abdomen and lung function tests.
In order to make a diagnosis of mesothelioma, the healthcare provider will begin with a review of the patient's medical history, including any history of asbestos exposure. He or she will then perform a complete physical examination to look for signs or symptoms of mesothelioma. The doctor may also order some preliminary tests to rule out other, more common conditions. These tests can include x-rays of the chest or abdomen and lung function tests.
Mesothelioma Diagnosis
Making a diagnosis of mesothelioma is often difficult, because the symptoms seen with this disease are similar to those of many other medical conditions. In order to make a diagnosis, a doctor will review the patient's medical history, conduct a physical exam, and recommend specific tests and procedures to confirm the diagnosis. Some of these tests and procedures may include CT scans, biopsy, and surgery.
Mesothelioma Symptoms: Final Thoughts
The possible symptoms of mesothelioma described in this article are not sure signs of the disease. Other more common, less serious conditions can cause similar symptoms. If you are experiencing any possible mesothelioma symptoms, visit your healthcare provider so that the problem can be diagnosed and treated.
Asbestos Exposure and Symptoms of Mesothelioma
Up to 90 percent of malignant mesothelioma cases are related to asbestos exposure. The risk for developing mesothelioma in those with heavy asbestos exposure is 7 to 10 percent. However, symptoms may not appear until 30 to 50 years after exposure to asbestos.
Peritoneal Mesothelioma Symptoms
Peritoneal symptoms of mesothelioma may include:
Weight loss
Lumps in the abdomen
Abdominal (stomach) pain
Abdominal swelling due to a buildup of fluid in the abdomen (stomach).
Other symptoms may also include:
Bowel obstruction
Blood-clotting abnormalities
Anemia
Fever.
Weight loss
Lumps in the abdomen
Abdominal (stomach) pain
Abdominal swelling due to a buildup of fluid in the abdomen (stomach).
Other symptoms may also include:
Bowel obstruction
Blood-clotting abnormalities
Anemia
Fever.
Pleural Symptoms of Mesothelioma
Pleural mesothelioma symptoms are usually due to an accumulation of fluid in the pleura. These symptoms often include:
Shortness of breath
Pain in the chest or under the ribcage.
Shortness of breath
Pain in the chest or under the ribcage.
Mesothelioma Signs and Symptoms: An Overview
Mesothelioma is a benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor that begins within the mesothelium, a protective lining surrounding most of the organs in the body. Most mesotheliomas begin within the pleura (the membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the wall of the chest cavity) or the peritoneum (the mesothelial tissue that covers most of the organs in the abdominal cavity). Mesothelioma symptoms will vary, depending on where the tumor is located.
Mesothelioma Symptoms
When cancer begins in the membrane that surrounds the lungs, mesothelioma symptoms may include shortness of breath and pain in the chest or under the ribcage. If the cancer starts in the mesothelial tissue covering the organs in the abdominal cavity, symptoms such as weight loss and abdominal pain may develop. Sometimes, signs and symptoms will not appear until 30 to 50 years after initial exposure to asbestos.
A Summary of Asbestos
The following is a summary of key points about asbestos:
"Asbestos" is the name given to a group of minerals that occur naturally as bundles of fibers
Exposure may increase the risk of asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma, and other cancers
Smokers who are also exposed to asbestos have a greatly increased risk of lung cancer
Individuals who have been exposed (or suspect they have been exposed) to asbestos fibers on the job or at home via a family contact should inform their physician of their exposure history and any symptoms
Government agencies can provide additional information on asbestos exposure.
"Asbestos" is the name given to a group of minerals that occur naturally as bundles of fibers
Exposure may increase the risk of asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma, and other cancers
Smokers who are also exposed to asbestos have a greatly increased risk of lung cancer
Individuals who have been exposed (or suspect they have been exposed) to asbestos fibers on the job or at home via a family contact should inform their physician of their exposure history and any symptoms
Government agencies can provide additional information on asbestos exposure.
Government and Insurance Coverage for Asbestos-Related Illness
Medical services related to asbestos exposure may be available through the government for certain groups of eligible individuals. In general, individuals must pay for their own medical services unless they are covered by private or government health insurance. Some people with symptoms of asbestos-related illness may be eligible for Medicare coverage.
People with asbestos-related diseases may also qualify for financial help, including medical payments, under state workers' compensation laws. Because eligibility requirements vary from state to state, workers should contact the workers' compensation program in their state. Contact information for the workers' compensation program in each state may be found in the blue pages of a local telephone directory.
If exposure occurred during employment with a federal agency (military or civilian), medical expenses and other compensation may be covered by the Federal Employees' Compensation Program. Workers who are or were employed in a shipyard by a private employer may be covered under the Longshoremen and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act.
Workers may wish to contact their international union for information on other sources of medical help and insurance matters.
Eligible veterans and their dependents may receive healthcare at a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center. Treatment for service-connected and nonservice-connected conditions is provided. If the VA cannot provide the necessary medical care, they will arrange for enrolled veterans to receive care in their community.
People with asbestos-related diseases may also qualify for financial help, including medical payments, under state workers' compensation laws. Because eligibility requirements vary from state to state, workers should contact the workers' compensation program in their state. Contact information for the workers' compensation program in each state may be found in the blue pages of a local telephone directory.
If exposure occurred during employment with a federal agency (military or civilian), medical expenses and other compensation may be covered by the Federal Employees' Compensation Program. Workers who are or were employed in a shipyard by a private employer may be covered under the Longshoremen and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act.
Workers may wish to contact their international union for information on other sources of medical help and insurance matters.
Eligible veterans and their dependents may receive healthcare at a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center. Treatment for service-connected and nonservice-connected conditions is provided. If the VA cannot provide the necessary medical care, they will arrange for enrolled veterans to receive care in their community.
Risk of Non-Occupational Exposure to Asbestos
The material is so widely used that the entire population has been exposed to some degree. Air, drinking water, and a variety of consumer products all may contain small amounts of asbestos. In addition, asbestos fibers are released into the environment from natural deposits in the earth and as a result of wear and deterioration of asbestos products. Disease is unlikely to result from a single, high-level exposure, or from a short period of exposure to lower levels of asbestos.
Limiting Asbestos Exposure in the Workplace
Employers are required to follow regulations dealing with asbestos exposure on the job that have been issued by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the federal agency responsible for health and safety regulations in maritime, construction, manufacturing, and service workplaces. The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) enforces regulations related to mine safety.
Workers should use all protective equipment provided by their employers and follow recommended work practices and safety procedures. For example, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved respirators that fit properly should be worn by workers when required.
Workers who are concerned about asbestos exposure in the workplace should discuss the situation with other employees, their employee health and safety representative, and their employers.
Workers should use all protective equipment provided by their employers and follow recommended work practices and safety procedures. For example, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved respirators that fit properly should be worn by workers when required.
Workers who are concerned about asbestos exposure in the workplace should discuss the situation with other employees, their employee health and safety representative, and their employers.
Who Needs to Be Examined for Asbestos Exposure?
Individuals who have been exposed (or suspect they have been exposed) to asbestos fibers on the job or at home via a family contact should inform their physician of their exposure history and any symptoms.
Asbestos fibers can be measured in urine, feces, mucus, or material rinsed out of the lungs. A thorough physical examination, including a chest x-ray and lung function tests, may be recommended. It is important to note that chest x-rays cannot detect asbestos fibers in the lungs, but they can help identify any lung changes resulting from asbestos exposure.
Interpretation of the chest x-ray may require the help of a specialist who is experienced in reading x-rays for asbestos-related diseases. Other tests also may be necessary.
As noted earlier, the symptoms of asbestos-related diseases may not become apparent for many decades after exposure. If any of the following symptoms develop, a physical examination should be scheduled without delay:
Shortness of breath
A cough or a change in cough pattern
Blood in the sputum (fluid) coughed up from the lungs
Pain in the chest or abdomen
Difficulty in swallowing or prolonged hoarseness
Significant weight loss.
Asbestos fibers can be measured in urine, feces, mucus, or material rinsed out of the lungs. A thorough physical examination, including a chest x-ray and lung function tests, may be recommended. It is important to note that chest x-rays cannot detect asbestos fibers in the lungs, but they can help identify any lung changes resulting from asbestos exposure.
Interpretation of the chest x-ray may require the help of a specialist who is experienced in reading x-rays for asbestos-related diseases. Other tests also may be necessary.
As noted earlier, the symptoms of asbestos-related diseases may not become apparent for many decades after exposure. If any of the following symptoms develop, a physical examination should be scheduled without delay:
Shortness of breath
A cough or a change in cough pattern
Blood in the sputum (fluid) coughed up from the lungs
Pain in the chest or abdomen
Difficulty in swallowing or prolonged hoarseness
Significant weight loss.
Risks of Asbestos Exposure and Smoking
Many studies have shown that the combination of smoking and asbestos exposure is particularly hazardous. Smokers who are also exposed to this material have a greatly increased risk of lung cancer. However, smoking combined with asbestos exposure does not appear to increase the risk of mesothelioma.
There is evidence that quitting smoking will reduce the risk of lung cancer among asbestos-exposed workers. People who were exposed to asbestos on the job at any time during their life (or who suspect they may have been exposed) should not smoke. If they smoke, they should stop.
There is evidence that quitting smoking will reduce the risk of lung cancer among asbestos-exposed workers. People who were exposed to asbestos on the job at any time during their life (or who suspect they may have been exposed) should not smoke. If they smoke, they should stop.
How Great Is the Risk?
Not all workers exposed to asbestos will develop diseases related to their exposure. The risk of developing asbestos-related diseases varies with the type of industry in which the exposure occurred and with the extent of the exposure. Asbestos that is bonded into finished products, such as walls and tiles, poses no risk to health as long as it is not damaged or disturbed (for example, by sawing or drilling) in such a way as to release fibers into the air. When asbestos fibers are set free and inhaled, however, exposed individuals are at risk of developing an asbestos-related disease.
In addition, different types of asbestos fibers may be associated with different health risks. For example, results of several studies suggest that amphibole forms of asbestos may be more harmful than chrysotile, particularly for mesothelioma. Even so, no fiber type can be considered harmless, and people working with asbestos should always take proper safety precautions to limit exposure.
In addition, different types of asbestos fibers may be associated with different health risks. For example, results of several studies suggest that amphibole forms of asbestos may be more harmful than chrysotile, particularly for mesothelioma. Even so, no fiber type can be considered harmless, and people working with asbestos should always take proper safety precautions to limit exposure.
Who Is at Risk for Asbestos-Related Health Problems?
Nearly everyone is exposed to asbestos at some time during their life. However, most people do not become ill from their exposure. People who become ill from it are usually those who are exposed to it on a regular basis, most often in a job where they work directly with the material or through substantial environmental contact.
Since the early 1940s, millions of American workers have been exposed to asbestos. Health hazards from asbestos fibers have been recognized in workers exposed in a variety of occupations, such as:
Shipbuilding trades
Asbestos mining and milling
Manufacturing of asbestos textiles and other asbestos products
Insulation work in the construction and building trades
Brake repair.
Demolition workers, drywall removers, and firefighters also may be exposed to asbestos fibers.
As a result of government regulations and improved work practices, today's workers (those without previous exposure) are likely to face smaller risks than did those exposed in the past. Although it is known that the risk to workers increases with heavier exposure and longer exposure time, investigators have found asbestos-related diseases in individuals with only brief exposures. Generally, those who develop asbestos-related diseases show no signs of illness for a long time after their first exposure. It can take from 10 to 40 years for symptoms of an asbestos-related condition to appear.
There is some evidence that family members of workers heavily exposed to asbestos face an increased risk of developing mesothelioma. This risk is thought to result from exposure to asbestos fibers brought into the home on the shoes, clothing, skin, and hair of workers. This type of exposure is called paraoccupational exposure. To decrease these exposures, people exposed to it at work are required to shower and change their clothing before leaving the workplace.
Since the early 1940s, millions of American workers have been exposed to asbestos. Health hazards from asbestos fibers have been recognized in workers exposed in a variety of occupations, such as:
Shipbuilding trades
Asbestos mining and milling
Manufacturing of asbestos textiles and other asbestos products
Insulation work in the construction and building trades
Brake repair.
Demolition workers, drywall removers, and firefighters also may be exposed to asbestos fibers.
As a result of government regulations and improved work practices, today's workers (those without previous exposure) are likely to face smaller risks than did those exposed in the past. Although it is known that the risk to workers increases with heavier exposure and longer exposure time, investigators have found asbestos-related diseases in individuals with only brief exposures. Generally, those who develop asbestos-related diseases show no signs of illness for a long time after their first exposure. It can take from 10 to 40 years for symptoms of an asbestos-related condition to appear.
There is some evidence that family members of workers heavily exposed to asbestos face an increased risk of developing mesothelioma. This risk is thought to result from exposure to asbestos fibers brought into the home on the shoes, clothing, skin, and hair of workers. This type of exposure is called paraoccupational exposure. To decrease these exposures, people exposed to it at work are required to shower and change their clothing before leaving the workplace.
Health Risks Associated With Exposure
Exposure to asbestos may increase the risk of several serious diseases, including:
Asbestosis -- a chronic lung ailment that can produce shortness of breath, coughing, and permanent lung damage
Lung cancer
Mesothelioma -- a relatively rare cancer of the thin membranes that line the chest and abdomen
Other cancers, such as those of the larynx, oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney.
Asbestosis -- a chronic lung ailment that can produce shortness of breath, coughing, and permanent lung damage
Lung cancer
Mesothelioma -- a relatively rare cancer of the thin membranes that line the chest and abdomen
Other cancers, such as those of the larynx, oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney.
What Is It Used For?
Asbestos was mined and used commercially in North America beginning in the late 1800s. Its use increased greatly during World War II; since then, it has been used in many industries. For example:
The building and construction industry has used asbestos for strengthening cement and plastics as well as for insulation, fireproofing, and sound absorption.
The shipbuilding industry has used it to insulate boilers, steam pipes, and hot water pipes.
The automotive industry uses it in vehicle brake shoes and clutch pads.
More than 5,000 products contain or have contained asbestos.
Government regulations and other actions, coupled with widespread public concern about the hazards of asbestos, have resulted in a significant annual decline in U.S. use of asbestos. Domestic consumption amounted to about 719,000 metric tons in 1973, but it had dropped to about 9,000 metric tons by 2002. Asbestos is currently used most frequently in gaskets and in roofing and friction products.
The building and construction industry has used asbestos for strengthening cement and plastics as well as for insulation, fireproofing, and sound absorption.
The shipbuilding industry has used it to insulate boilers, steam pipes, and hot water pipes.
The automotive industry uses it in vehicle brake shoes and clutch pads.
More than 5,000 products contain or have contained asbestos.
Government regulations and other actions, coupled with widespread public concern about the hazards of asbestos, have resulted in a significant annual decline in U.S. use of asbestos. Domestic consumption amounted to about 719,000 metric tons in 1973, but it had dropped to about 9,000 metric tons by 2002. Asbestos is currently used most frequently in gaskets and in roofing and friction products.
What Is Asbestos?
"Asbestos" is the name given to a group of minerals that occur naturally as bundles of fibers which can be separated into thin threads. These fibers are not affected by heat or chemicals and do not conduct electricity. For these reasons, asbestos has been widely used in many industries.
Four types of asbestos have been used commercially:
Chrysotile (or white asbestos)
Crocidolite (or blue asbestos)
Amosite (usually has brown fibers)
Anthophyllite (usually has gray fibers).
Chrysotile asbestos, with its curly fibers, is in the serpentine family of minerals. The other types (which all have rod-like fibers) are known as amphiboles.
Asbestos fiber masses tend to break easily into a dust composed of tiny particles that can float in the air and stick to clothes. The fibers may be easily inhaled or swallowed and can cause serious health problems, such as lung cancer.
Four types of asbestos have been used commercially:
Chrysotile (or white asbestos)
Crocidolite (or blue asbestos)
Amosite (usually has brown fibers)
Anthophyllite (usually has gray fibers).
Chrysotile asbestos, with its curly fibers, is in the serpentine family of minerals. The other types (which all have rod-like fibers) are known as amphiboles.
Asbestos fiber masses tend to break easily into a dust composed of tiny particles that can float in the air and stick to clothes. The fibers may be easily inhaled or swallowed and can cause serious health problems, such as lung cancer.
Asbestos
Asbestos refers to a group of minerals that occur naturally as bundles of fibers. Because it resists heat and does not conduct electricity, it was used in many industries as insulation or fireproofing material; it can also be found in automotive brake shoes. When dust from this fiber is inhaled or swallowed, it can cause serious health problems, including lung cancer. People who become ill from it are usually exposed to it on a regular basis, most often in the workplace.
Key Facts on Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
The following is a summary of key points to keep in mind about malignant pleural mesothelioma:
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a disease in which malignant (cancerous) cells form in the lining of the chest
Being exposed to asbestos can affect the risk of developing this disease
Possible signs include shortness of breath and pain under the ribcage
Tests that examine the inside of the chest are used to find and diagnose malignant pleural mesothelioma
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options (see Mesothelioma Survival Rate).
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a disease in which malignant (cancerous) cells form in the lining of the chest
Being exposed to asbestos can affect the risk of developing this disease
Possible signs include shortness of breath and pain under the ribcage
Tests that examine the inside of the chest are used to find and diagnose malignant pleural mesothelioma
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options (see Mesothelioma Survival Rate).
How Is It Diagnosed?
Sometimes it is hard to tell the difference between malignant pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer, so tests are performed to examine the inside of the chest to accurately diagnose the condition.
The following tests and procedures may be used:
Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the person's health habits, exposure to asbestos, past illnesses, and treatments will also be taken.
Chest x-ray: An x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
Complete blood count (CBC): A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the following:
The number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
The amount of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen) in the red blood cells
The portion of the blood sample made up of red blood cells.
Sedimentation rate: A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the rate at which the red blood cells settle to the bottom of the test tube.
Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues from the pleura so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Procedures used to collect the cells or tissues include the following:
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy: The removal of part of a lump, suspicious tissue, or fluid, using a thin needle. This procedure is also called a needle biopsy.
Thoracoscopy: An incision (cut) is made between two ribs, and a thoracoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into the chest.
Peritoneoscopy: An incision is made in the abdominal wall and a peritoneoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into the abdomen.
Laparotomy: An incision is made in the wall of the abdomen (stomach) to check the inside of the abdomen for signs of disease.
Thoracotomy: An incision is made between two ribs to check inside the chest for signs of disease.
Bronchoscopy: A procedure to look inside the trachea and large airways in the lung for abnormal areas. A bronchoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through the nose or mouth into the trachea and lungs. Tissue samples may be taken for biopsy.
Cytologic exam: An examination of cells under a microscope by a pathologist to check for anything abnormal. When checking for malignant pleural mesothelioma, fluid is taken from around the lungs. A pathologist checks the cells in the fluid.
After a malignant pleural mesothelioma diagnosis is confirmed, additional tests will be performed in order to determine the stage of the cancer.
The following tests and procedures may be used:
Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the person's health habits, exposure to asbestos, past illnesses, and treatments will also be taken.
Chest x-ray: An x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
Complete blood count (CBC): A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the following:
The number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
The amount of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen) in the red blood cells
The portion of the blood sample made up of red blood cells.
Sedimentation rate: A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the rate at which the red blood cells settle to the bottom of the test tube.
Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues from the pleura so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Procedures used to collect the cells or tissues include the following:
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy: The removal of part of a lump, suspicious tissue, or fluid, using a thin needle. This procedure is also called a needle biopsy.
Thoracoscopy: An incision (cut) is made between two ribs, and a thoracoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into the chest.
Peritoneoscopy: An incision is made in the abdominal wall and a peritoneoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into the abdomen.
Laparotomy: An incision is made in the wall of the abdomen (stomach) to check the inside of the abdomen for signs of disease.
Thoracotomy: An incision is made between two ribs to check inside the chest for signs of disease.
Bronchoscopy: A procedure to look inside the trachea and large airways in the lung for abnormal areas. A bronchoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through the nose or mouth into the trachea and lungs. Tissue samples may be taken for biopsy.
Cytologic exam: An examination of cells under a microscope by a pathologist to check for anything abnormal. When checking for malignant pleural mesothelioma, fluid is taken from around the lungs. A pathologist checks the cells in the fluid.
After a malignant pleural mesothelioma diagnosis is confirmed, additional tests will be performed in order to determine the stage of the cancer.
Symptoms of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Malignant pleural mesothelioma symptoms usually result from an accumulation of fluid in the pleura. These symptoms often consist of:
Shortness of breath
Pain in the chest or under the ribcage.
Keep in mind that other more common, less serious conditions can cause similar symptoms. Therefore, if you are experiencing any possible symptoms, visit your healthcare provider so that the problem can be properly diagnosed and treated.
Shortness of breath
Pain in the chest or under the ribcage.
Keep in mind that other more common, less serious conditions can cause similar symptoms. Therefore, if you are experiencing any possible symptoms, visit your healthcare provider so that the problem can be properly diagnosed and treated.
Risk Factors for the Condition
Being exposed to asbestos can affect the risk of developing malignant pleural mesothelioma. Many people with the disease have worked or lived in places where they inhaled or swallowed asbestos. After asbestos exposure, it usually takes a long time for symptoms of the condition to occur.
Other risk factors for malignant pleural mesothelioma include:
Living with a person who works near asbestos
Being exposed to a certain virus.
Other risk factors for malignant pleural mesothelioma include:
Living with a person who works near asbestos
Being exposed to a certain virus.
What Is Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma?
Mesothelioma is a benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor affecting the mesothelium, which is a type of protective sac that covers internal organs. Most cases begin in the pleura (lining around the lungs) or peritoneum (the lining around the abdomen).
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a type of mesothelioma in which cancer cells begin to grow in the pleura. Most people who develop this condition have worked on jobs where they inhaled asbestos particles.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a type of mesothelioma in which cancer cells begin to grow in the pleura. Most people who develop this condition have worked on jobs where they inhaled asbestos particles.
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a rare disease in which cancer cells develop in the protective sac covering the lungs. The main risk factor for this condition is exposure to asbestos. Possible signs include shortness of breath and pain under the rib cage. It can be difficult to distinguish between malignant pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer, so it may be necessary to examine the inside of the chest to confirm the diagnosis.
Research Studies on Malignant Mesothelioma
Because mesothelioma is very hard to control, clinical trials are being conducted that are designed to find new treatments and better ways to use current malignant mesothelioma treatments. Before any new treatment can be recommended for general use, doctors conduct clinical trials to find out whether the treatment is safe for patients and effective against the disease. Participation in clinical trials is an important treatment option for many patients with malignant mesothelioma.
People interested in taking part in a clinical trial should talk with their doctor.
People interested in taking part in a clinical trial should talk with their doctor.
Treatment Options for Malignant Mesothelioma
Malignant mesothelioma treatment options include:
Surgery (see Mesothelioma Surgery)
Radiation therapy (see Mesothelioma Radiation)
Chemotherapy (see Mesothelioma Chemotherapy).
You can also learn about the mesothelioma treatment options for each stage by clicking on Mesothelioma Treatment by Stage.
Prognosis
The prognosis (chance of recovery) for malignant mesothelioma depends on the following:
The stage of the malignant mesothelioma
The size of the tumor
Whether the tumor can be removed completely by surgery
The amount of fluid in the chest
The patient's age and general health, including lung and heart health
The type of mesothelioma cancer cells and how they look under a microscope
Whether the malignant mesothelioma has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).
Surgery (see Mesothelioma Surgery)
Radiation therapy (see Mesothelioma Radiation)
Chemotherapy (see Mesothelioma Chemotherapy).
You can also learn about the mesothelioma treatment options for each stage by clicking on Mesothelioma Treatment by Stage.
Prognosis
The prognosis (chance of recovery) for malignant mesothelioma depends on the following:
The stage of the malignant mesothelioma
The size of the tumor
Whether the tumor can be removed completely by surgery
The amount of fluid in the chest
The patient's age and general health, including lung and heart health
The type of mesothelioma cancer cells and how they look under a microscope
Whether the malignant mesothelioma has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Malignant Mesothelioma
For information on malignant mesothelioma symptoms, see the full eMedTV article called Mesothelioma Symptoms.
In order to make a malignant mesothelioma diagnosis, a doctor will perform a medical history and physical exam, followed by specific tests and procedures to confirm the diagnosis. Some of these tests may include CT scans, biopsy, and surgery. A malignant mesothelioma diagnosis is often difficult to make because the symptoms associated with the disease are similar to those of many other medical conditions.
In order to make a malignant mesothelioma diagnosis, a doctor will perform a medical history and physical exam, followed by specific tests and procedures to confirm the diagnosis. Some of these tests may include CT scans, biopsy, and surgery. A malignant mesothelioma diagnosis is often difficult to make because the symptoms associated with the disease are similar to those of many other medical conditions.
What Are the Risk Factors?
Being exposed to asbestos can affect the risk of developing malignant mesothelioma. Many people with malignant mesothelioma have worked or lived in places where they inhaled or swallowed asbestos. After being exposed to asbestos, it usually takes a long time for malignant mesothelioma to occur.
Other risk factors for malignant mesothelioma include the following:
Living with a person who works near asbestos.
Being exposed to a certain virus.
Other risk factors for malignant mesothelioma include the following:
Living with a person who works near asbestos.
Being exposed to a certain virus.
What Is Malignant Mesothelioma?
Malignant mesothelioma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the mesothelium, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers most organs in the body. Mesothelioma most commonly affects the pleura (the thin layer of tissue that lines the chest cavity and covers the lungs) or the peritoneum (the thin layer of tissue that lines the abdomen and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). This article discusses malignant mesothelioma of the pleura.
Mesothelioma and Asbestos
Asbestos is the name of a group of minerals that occur naturally as masses of strong, flexible fibers that can be separated into thin threads and woven. Asbestos has been mined and used commercially since the late 1800s; its use greatly increased during World War II. Asbestos has been widely used in many industrial products, including cement, brake linings, roof shingles, flooring products, textiles, and insulation. Since the early 1940s, millions of American workers have been exposed to asbestos dust.
If tiny asbestos particles float in the air, especially during the manufacturing process, they may be inhaled or swallowed and can cause serious health problems. In addition to mesothelioma, exposure to asbestos increases the risk of lung cancer, asbestosis (a noncancerous, chronic lung ailment), and other cancers, such as those of the larynx and kidney.
Initially, the risks associated with asbestos exposure were unknown. However, an increased risk of developing mesothelioma was later found among:
Shipyard workers
People who work in asbestos mines and mills
Producers of asbestos products
Workers in the heating and construction industries
Other tradespeople.
Today, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sets limits for acceptable levels of asbestos exposure in the workplace. People who work with asbestos wear personal protective equipment to lower their risk of exposure.
The risk of asbestos-related disease increases with heavier exposure to asbestos and longer exposure time. However, some individuals with only brief exposures have developed mesothelioma. On the other hand, not all workers who are heavily exposed develop asbestos-related diseases.
If tiny asbestos particles float in the air, especially during the manufacturing process, they may be inhaled or swallowed and can cause serious health problems. In addition to mesothelioma, exposure to asbestos increases the risk of lung cancer, asbestosis (a noncancerous, chronic lung ailment), and other cancers, such as those of the larynx and kidney.
Initially, the risks associated with asbestos exposure were unknown. However, an increased risk of developing mesothelioma was later found among:
Shipyard workers
People who work in asbestos mines and mills
Producers of asbestos products
Workers in the heating and construction industries
Other tradespeople.
Today, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sets limits for acceptable levels of asbestos exposure in the workplace. People who work with asbestos wear personal protective equipment to lower their risk of exposure.
The risk of asbestos-related disease increases with heavier exposure to asbestos and longer exposure time. However, some individuals with only brief exposures have developed mesothelioma. On the other hand, not all workers who are heavily exposed develop asbestos-related diseases.
Risk Factors for Mesothelioma
Working with asbestos is the major risk factor for mesothelioma. A history of asbestos exposure at work is reported in about 70 to 80 percent of all cases. However, mesothelioma has been reported in some individuals without any known exposure to asbestos.
There is some evidence that family members and others living with asbestos workers have an increased risk of developing mesothelioma, and possibly other asbestos-related diseases. This risk may be the result of exposure to asbestos dust brought home on the clothing and hair of asbestos workers. To reduce the chance of exposing family members to asbestos fibers, asbestos workers are usually required to shower and change their clothing before leaving the workplace.
Smoking does not appear to increase the risk of mesothelioma. However, the combination of smoking and asbestos exposure significantly increases a person's risk of developing lung cancer (see Causes of Lung Cancer).
There is some evidence that family members and others living with asbestos workers have an increased risk of developing mesothelioma, and possibly other asbestos-related diseases. This risk may be the result of exposure to asbestos dust brought home on the clothing and hair of asbestos workers. To reduce the chance of exposing family members to asbestos fibers, asbestos workers are usually required to shower and change their clothing before leaving the workplace.
Smoking does not appear to increase the risk of mesothelioma. However, the combination of smoking and asbestos exposure significantly increases a person's risk of developing lung cancer (see Causes of Lung Cancer).
Understanding the Mesothelium
The mesothelium is a membrane that covers and protects most of the internal organs of the body. It is composed of two layers of cells: one layer immediately surrounds the organ; the other forms a sac around it. The mesothelium produces a lubricating fluid that is released between these layers, allowing moving organs (such as the beating heart and the expanding and contracting lungs) to glide easily against adjacent structures.
The mesothelium has different names, depending on its location in the body. The peritoneum is the mesothelial tissue that covers most of the organs in the abdominal cavity. The pleura is the membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the wall of the chest cavity, while the pericardium covers and protects the heart. The mesothelial tissue surrounding the male internal reproductive organs is called the tunica vaginalis testis, and the tunica serosa uteri covers the internal reproductive organs in women.
The mesothelium has different names, depending on its location in the body. The peritoneum is the mesothelial tissue that covers most of the organs in the abdominal cavity. The pleura is the membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the wall of the chest cavity, while the pericardium covers and protects the heart. The mesothelial tissue surrounding the male internal reproductive organs is called the tunica vaginalis testis, and the tunica serosa uteri covers the internal reproductive organs in women.
What Is Mesothelioma?
Mesothelioma is a benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor affecting the mesothelium, which is a membrane that covers most of the body's internal organs. Most cases of mesothelioma begin in the pleura (lining around the lungs) or peritoneum (the lining around the abdomen).
Benign mesothelioma can also be called a fibroma, and cancerous mesothelioma is also known as malignant mesothelioma. A mesothelioma can further be named based on where it occurs. For example, malignant pleural mesothelioma is cancer that begins in the lining around the lungs.
Most people who develop malignant mesothelioma have worked on jobs where they inhaled asbestos particles. A benign mesothelioma does not appear to have any relationship to asbestos exposure.
Benign mesothelioma can also be called a fibroma, and cancerous mesothelioma is also known as malignant mesothelioma. A mesothelioma can further be named based on where it occurs. For example, malignant pleural mesothelioma is cancer that begins in the lining around the lungs.
Most people who develop malignant mesothelioma have worked on jobs where they inhaled asbestos particles. A benign mesothelioma does not appear to have any relationship to asbestos exposure.
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